Japanese Lesson 9: Adjectives

Adjectives

  • Types: い‑adjectives & な‑adjectives
  • Forms: たかい → たかくない
  • Practice: describe your room or city

Two Types of Japanese Adjectives

Japanese has two adjective categories:

い‑adjectives (end in い)
ex: たかい (tall / expensive)

な‑adjectives (end in something else; attach な before nouns) ex: しずか (quiet) → しずか

い‑Adjectives

These end in and conjugate by changing that final .

✔️ Dictionary Form

たかい — tall / expensive

Conjugation Chart (い‑Adjectives)

1. Negative (not ~)

Drop → add くない

たかい → たかくない
tall → not tall


2. Past (was ~)

Drop → add かった

たかい → たかかった
was tall


3. Past Negative (was not ~)

Drop → add くなかった

たかい → たかくなかった
was not tall


4. Adverb Form (—ly)

Drop → add

たかい → たかく
(tall → tall-ly / highly)
Ex: たかくとぶ — “to fly high”


✔️ Full い‑Adjective Chart Example (たかい)

Form Japanese Meaning
Present たかい tall / expensive
Negative たかくない not tall
Past たかかった was tall
Past Negative たかくなかった was not tall
Adverb たかく highly

な‑Adjectives

These do NOT end in い (usually).
They behave more like nouns grammatically.

Examples:

  • しずか (quiet)
  • きれい (pretty/clean — exception! ends in い but is a な‑adjective)
  • ゆうめい (famous)

When describing a noun:
しずかへや — a quiet room


Conjugation Chart (な‑Adjectives)

Use だ / です patterns, like nouns.

1. Negative (not ~)

Root + じゃない

しずか → しずかじゃない
not quiet


2. Past

Root + だった

しずか → しずかだった
was quiet


3. Past Negative

Root + じゃなかった

しずか → しずかじゃなかった
was not quiet


4. Adverb Form

Add

しずか → しずかに
quietly / peacefully


✔️ Full な‑Adjective Chart Example (しずか)

Form Japanese Meaning
Present しずかだ / しずかです quiet
Negative しずかじゃない not quiet
Past しずかだった was quiet
Past Negative しずかじゃなかった was not quiet
Adverb しずかに quietly

Key Differences (Super Simple)

Type Linking to Noun Negative Past Adverb
い‑adjective drop い + い noun (stays い) くない かった
な‑adjective add な before nouns じゃない だった

Helpful Patterns to Remember

✔️ If it ends in い, it’s usually an い‑adjective

Except words like:

  • きれい
  • ゆうめい
  • きらい
  • きらい
    These are な‑adjectives.